January is Alabama's crane month — when thousands of Sandhill Cranes (and a handful of rare Whooping Cranes) winter at Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge on the Tennessee River, the warm coast keeps satsumas and greens going, and the cold, dry plateau nights give the year's sharpest skies. From the frosty Cumberland Plateau to the mild Gulf shore, it is a month of winter specialties.
Week by week in January
January 1–7
- Sandhill Cranes crowd the fields at Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge at their winter peak, bugling over the Tennessee River, while Christmas Bird Counts wrap up across the state.
- The Quadrantid meteor shower peaks in a short, sharp burst around January 3 — best after midnight from a dark Cumberland Plateau ridge or the unlit west end of Dauphin Island.
- Camellias, the state flower, open red, pink, and white against the cold in gardens across central and south Alabama and at Bellingrath Gardens near Mobile.
January 8–14
- Rafts of wintering ducks crowd the Tennessee River lakes and Gulf-coast bays, with Bald Eagles watching the waterfowl and the chance of a Whooping Crane among the Wheeler cranes.
- Orion strides up the southern sky, his belt pointing down to brilliant Sirius low in the southeast — the cold, dry plateau air gives crystal-clear viewing.
- Gulf-coast satsumas wind down their winter run, joined by frost-sweetened collards and kale and abundant shelled pecans at the year-round markets.
January 15–21
- On the Gulf Coast, Brown Pelicans, loons, and Northern Gannets work the cold surf off Dauphin Island and Fort Morgan, with rafts of ducks and grebes offshore.
- Read bark in the leafless woods — shaggy shagbark hickory, smooth gray beech holding pale dead leaves, and pale flaking sycamore along the rivers.
- On the Gulf Coast, plant English peas, onion sets, and potatoes in a sheltered bed on a mild day, while north Alabama gardeners prune dormant fruit trees.
January 22–28
- In the southern longleaf pine, the endangered Red-cockaded Woodpecker tends its cavity clusters alongside Brown-headed Nuthatches and Bachman's Sparrows.
- The Winter Hexagon and the Pleiades cluster blaze through the long, cold nights, with the Orion Nebula a misty glow in binoculars from a dark site.
- Start onions, leeks, and celery indoors under lights, and check that mulch still protects overwintering garlic and tender shrubs across the state.
Birds This Month
January is the peak of Alabama's signature winter spectacle at Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge on the Tennessee River near Decatur, where thousands of Sandhill Cranes winter, bugling over the fields and roosting in the shallows — and where a tiny number of the endangered Whooping Cranes from the eastern reintroduced flock can sometimes be picked out among them. The refuge also fills with wintering waterfowl — Northern Pintail, American Wigeon, Gadwall, Northern Shoveler, Canvasback, and Tundra Swan in some years — watched over by Bald Eagles.
Statewide, feeders peak with Northern Cardinals, Carolina Chickadees, Tufted Titmice, White-throated Sparrows, Dark-eyed Juncos, Yellow-rumped Warblers, and Pine Warblers, and the state bird, the Northern Flicker (Yellowhammer), works open ground and snags. On the Gulf Coast, Brown Pelicans, loons, Northern Gannets, and rafts of ducks and grebes ride the cold water off Dauphin Island and Fort Morgan, while wintering sparrows and the occasional Sedge Wren hide in the marsh grass. In the longleaf pine of the south, the endangered Red-cockaded Woodpecker tends its cavity clusters year-round.
What's Blooming
January is the camellia's month in Alabama — the camellia is the state flower, and across the warmer middle and southern parts of the state the great evergreen shrubs are in full winter bloom, their red, pink, and white flowers opening against glossy leaves in gardens, old home places, and the historic plantings of Mobile and Bellingrath Gardens. True wildflowers are few, but the warm Coastal Plain stays greener than the frosty plateau.
In the woods, evergreen ground plants hold their color — Christmas fern, partridgeberry with paired red berries, and the wintergreen mats of spotted wintergreen on upland slopes. The native evergreen shrubs mountain laurel (in the north) and American holly and yaupon holly hold their leaves and red berries, and the Mobile-Tensaw Delta and southern swamps glow with the red fruit of possumhaw and dahoon holly. In mild gardens, winter honeysuckle, paperwhites, and the first daffodils open by month's end on the warm coast, and the structural seed-heads of last year's goldenrod, broomsedge, and asters rim the old fields.
Garden This Month
January gardening in Alabama splits sharply between the frosty north and the mild Gulf Coast. On the Cumberland Plateau and across north Alabama the ground is cold and sometimes snow-dusted, so the best work is at the kitchen table with seed catalogs — order early and sketch crop rotations — while mulch insulates the perennial beds. In the warm Coastal Plain and on the coast the cool-season garden grows on: cold frames and row covers carry collards, kale, cabbage, spinach, lettuce, and carrots, the South's signature winter greens, sweetened by frost.
Prune dormant apple, pear, and peach trees and muscadine grapes on mild dry days across the state before the sap rises, and check that mulch still protects overwintering garlic, strawberries, and tender shrubs. On the Gulf Coast, tend satsumas and other citrus, watching for hard-freeze warnings. Set up a grow-light shelf and start onions, leeks, and celery from seed, and along the coast plant English peas, onion sets, and the first potatoes in a warm sheltered bed by month's end as the long Alabama growing year quietly begins.
Zone 7b (Cumberland Plateau & north Alabama): the coldest gardening in the state, with hard freezes and occasional snow. Let mulch insulate perennial beds and overwintering garlic, prune dormant apple and peach trees and muscadine grapes on mild dry days, and start onions, leeks, and slow seedlings under lights toward month's end.
Zone 8b (lower Coastal Plain): mild winter gardening continues. Row covers protect collards, kale, cabbage, carrots, and lettuce through cold snaps, and you can plant English peas, onion sets, and the first potatoes in a sheltered bed during a warm late-January spell.
Zone 9a (Gulf Coast, Mobile & Baldwin): the mildest gardening of the state. Hardy greens, carrots, and cool-season crops grow on through winter with only occasional frost protection; tend satsumas and other citrus, and sow more cool-season greens and peas for the long coastal season.
What's at the Farmers Market
January is among the quietest months at Alabama markets, but year-round and winter markets — from the Pepper Place Market in Birmingham to coastal stands around Mobile — keep local food flowing, leaning on storage crops, cold-hardy greens, and the coast's winter citrus. The Southern winter greens shine now: field-grown and cold-stored collards, kale, cabbage, mustard greens, and turnip greens, sweetened by frost.
The Gulf-coast star is satsuma mandarins from Mobile and Baldwin counties — easy-peeling, seedless, and at the end of their winter run — alongside any remaining kumquats and other coastal citrus. Storage crops carry the rest of the stands: sweet potatoes, potatoes, onions, garlic, turnips, rutabagas, and winter squash from the root cellar, with shelled pecans still plentiful. Look too for value-added staples the state makes well — local honey, sorghum syrup, and stone-ground grits and cornmeal from heritage mills. Choose satsumas heavy for their size with loose skin, keep sweet potatoes cool and dry but never refrigerated, and hold roots cold and humid through the stretch until spring.
Night Sky This Month
Alabama's darkest, clearest winter skies are on the Cumberland Plateau, and the state's premier dark-sky destination is the open observing field at the Cahaba River astronomy site and the long-running star parties run by the Birmingham Astronomical Society and the Von Braun Astronomical Society near Huntsville, whose hilltop observatory and planetarium at Monte Sano State Park anchor north-Alabama stargazing. The dark fields of the Black Belt and the unlit Gulf beaches at the west end of Dauphin Island also offer fine wide-horizon viewing on January's long, cold, dry nights.
The brilliant winter constellations dominate the south: Orion strides up the sky, his belt pointing down to dazzling Sirius, the sky's brightest star, low in the southeast, framed by the great Winter Hexagon and the Pleiades riding high, with the misty Orion Nebula glowing in binoculars. The Quadrantid meteor shower peaks in a short, sharp burst around January 3. The printable Alabama night-sky guide lists this year's exact meteor-peak dates, planet positions, and the best dark-sky sites for your region.
Butterflies & Pollinators
January halts most butterfly flight on the cold Cumberland Plateau, but Alabama's long warm season means a few species stir on mild days, especially in the south. Mourning cloaks, eastern commas, and question marks overwinter as adults, tucked behind loose bark and in woodpiles in the wooded uplands, and on a warm January afternoon a mourning cloak may flutter along a sunlit ravine edge in north Alabama. On the warm Gulf Coast and in southern gardens, a hardy gulf fritillary, cloudless sulphur, or American lady can appear on the year's mildest days.
Most species pass winter in earlier life stages. Monarchs have left for the Mexican overwintering forests, though a few may linger along the immediate Gulf Coast in a warm winter. The eastern tiger swallowtail overwinters as a chrysalis camouflaged against twigs, as do the zebra and spicebush swallowtails; the palamedes swallowtail waits as a chrysalis in the delta and swamp understory, and many skippers and whites pass the cold as eggs or larvae. Leaving leaf litter, standing stems, and brush piles undisturbed through winter is the single best thing an Alabama gardener can do to protect next summer's butterflies.
What to plant for them is in the Alabama native plants guide
Trees This Month
January reveals the architecture of Alabama's deciduous forests, stripped to bare branches, while the state's many evergreens hold the color. This is the month to read bark and form: the shaggy strips of shagbark hickory on the plateau, the smooth gray of American beech still holding pale marcescent leaves in the Bankhead coves, the broad blocky bark of mature white oak, and the flaking camouflage trunks of sycamore glowing pale along the rivers.
The conifers and broadleaf evergreens define the winter landscape across the state. The Coastal Plain and uplands carry shortleaf, loblolly, and the iconic longleaf pine, the state tree, holding its long needles and open green crowns above the wiregrass. Along the coast and through the Black Belt, evergreen live oak draped in Spanish moss, southern magnolia, American holly, and the russet ranks of dormant bald cypress rise from the Mobile-Tensaw Delta and the blackwater swamps. Buds are set and waiting — the swelling crimson clusters at the twig tips of the red maples already promise an early Alabama spring, beginning first in the warm south.
Weather & Daylight
Across Alabama, a typical January day averages a high near 56°F and a low near 35°F, with about 5.3 inches of precipitation — statewide averages from the 1991–2020 U.S. climate normals.
Mild afternoons near 56 give way to chilly 35-degree nights, with steady rain showers keeping the ground damp and cool.
| Average high | 56°F |
|---|---|
| Average low | 35°F |
| Precipitation | 5.3 in |
| Sunrise (mid-month) | 6:50 CT |
| Sunset (mid-month) | 17:02 CT |
Figures are statewide averages over the 1991–2020 U.S. climate normals; local conditions vary with elevation and distance from the coast. Sunrise and sunset are computed for a midstate point on the 15th (CT).
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One short note when Alabama's next month turns — what's arriving, blooming, and worth a night outside.
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The complete Alabama birding, native-plant, and night-sky references — or the whole year, week by week, in one book.
Same month elsewhere: January in Arizona · January in Arkansas · January in California